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One of a series of seven articles by Brian Wilton reproduced
here by kind permission of the House of Edgar, Perth
"The day will come when the big sheep will put the
plough up in the rafters . . .
The big sheep will overrun the country till
they meet the
northern sea . . . in the end, old men shall return from new
lands"
The Brahan Seer ( 17th century Highland
Prophet)
Of all the misfortunes to befall the Scottish Highlanders, the
Clearances are probably the worst and the one that still engenders great
bitterness down to this day. Whether it was economic necessity as described by
some, or ethnic cleansing, as described by others, the nett result was
that between 1783 and 1881 man's inhumanity to man resulted in a documented
170,571 Highlanders being ejected from their traditional lands. Records are very
sparse and it's been estimated that the true total was very much greater than
this.
The catalysts for the Clearances had been the Union of 1707 with
which many Scots were disallusioned; the uprising of 1715; the near successful
uprising of '45 which resulted in the Battle of Culloden and the
resultant ban on Highland dress, tartan and weapons. These and the continuing
internal strife between Catholic and Protestant finally broke the Highland
spirit. The last straw in 1747 was the 'Hertitable Jurisdictions Act'
which stated that those who did not accede to English jurisdiction were to have
their lands forfeited to the Government.
It's said that the few remaining
Highland landlords had no option but to bend the knee to this
legislation. This was the death knell of the clan system and the traditional
Highland way of life where the people rented land from their Chiefs and in turn
pledged their allegiance to them. By the end of the 18th century, 60% of
Hebridean landlords were reported absent - reputedly preferring the softer
social life of London to that of the spartan Highlands.
In his book
'The Making of the Crofting Community', J. Hunter writes:
"Many chiefs were as at home in Edinburgh or Paris as they were in
the Highlands, and French or English rolled off their tongue as easily as -
perhaps mores easily than - Gaelic. Moreover, while away from his clan the
typical chief, conscious since childhood of his immensely aristocratic status
in the Highland society whence he came, felt obliged to emulate or even
surpass, the lifestyle of the courtiers and nobles with whom he mingled. And
it was at this point that the 18th century chief's two roles came into
irreconcilable conflict with one another. As a southern socialite he needed
more and more money. As a tribal patriarch he could do very little to raise
it."
The economics of the Clearances or the Improvements as the
landlords euphemistically called them, were simple. They had for many years
supplied beef to Government forces but when the demand dropped once the United
Kingdom's overseas wars diminished, they were left economically
vulnerable. Demand for wool had risen dramatically - its price tripled
between 1800 and 1818 - so rearing sheep made sense. Regrettably it meant that
on average, one shepherd covered as much land as had been worked in the past by
12 to 16 families - possibly 80 people - and the income from these new
'four-legged clansmen' more than replaced the meagre rents they had
gathered in the past.. The return was attractive enough for the absentee chiefs
and landlords to start moving people away from their traditional
homelands.
To achieve this they used their 'factors' - their
estate managers - and at the height of the clearances it's said that as many as
2,000 crofts a day were being burned to the ground - some of which had been
inhabited by the same families for as long as 500 years. Because many crofters
were still loyal to their chieftain, they often placed the blame for the
Clearances and their hardships on the factors. It was beyond their comprehension
that their chief - their father figure - would treat them in such a manner (ref:
Scottish Highland Clearances, Memorial Committee).
The instigator of such
barbaric methods of 'clearing' the traditional clan lands of humans was said to
have been Elizabeth Gordon, Countess of Sutherland (1765
- 1839) who, with her husband the Marquis of Stafford (later made
1st Duke of Sutherland) employed Patrick Sellar a lawyer and James
Lock their factor, to carry out the 'improvements'. These two set about
their task with great relish and 'cleared' 15,000 people to make way for 200,000
sheep. With no shelter remaining for the cleared families, many starved and
froze to death huddled in the rubble of their former homes. In 1811 more than 50
new shepherds employed in Sutherland were made Justices of the Peace with legal
control over the native tenants and in their contracts was often a
requirement to 'clear' a certain number of additional families from the land
each year.
It is difficult to ascertain the true extent of the
clearances since, as in modern times, good news (i.e.chiefs who did not support
the clearances) did not warrant reporting. Historical accounts differ depending
upon the teller but the figures do themselves reflect the enormity of the
problem and give veracity to the many personal reports of those involved.
The following selective diarised entries from www.macgowan.org put some flesh on the bones
although it is not always known if it was the Clearances or other economic
factors that prompted some of the large migrations of crofters.
1739. MacDonald of Sleat and MacLeod of
Dunvegan sell selected Clan members as indentured servants to landowners
in the Carolinas.
1780s. Donald Cameron of
Lochiel begins clearing his family lands which stretch from Loch Leven to
Loch Arkaig.
1791. The Society of the Propagation of
Christian Knowledge reports that over the previous 19 years more than
6,400 people emigrated from the Inverness and Ross
areas.
1801. The first clearances of the Strathglass area
by William, the 24th Chisholm. Nearly 50% of the Clan are evicted.
The emigrant ship The Sarah sails from Fort William to Pictou with
700 people crammed into the holds resulting in almost 50 people dying on the
voyage..
1814. Patrick Sellar begins burning
Strathnaver. Residents not given time to remove their belongings or invalid
relatives and two people reputedly die from their houses
burning.
1815. The Sheriff-Substitute for Sutherland
arrests Patrick Sellar for 'willful fire-raising . . . most aggravated
circumstances of cruelty' if not murder.' Not surprisingly, a jury of
affluent landowners and merchants acquit him.
1819.
Another violent clearing of Strathnaver residents. Donald MacLeod, a young
apprentice stonemason witnesses: '250 blazing houses. Many of the owners
were my relatives and all of whom I personally knew; but whose present
condition, whether in or out of the flames, I could not tell. The fire lasted
six days, till the whole of the dwellings were reduced to ashes or smoking
ruins.'
The Kildonan area is cleared. Donald MacDonald writes: "
. . .the whole inhabitants of the Kildonan parish, with the exception of three
families - nearly 2,000 souls - were utterly rooted and burned
out."
1826. The Island of Rum is cleared except for
one family. MacLean of Coll pays for the other natives to emigrate to
Canada. The emigrant ship James arrives in Halifax. Every person on
board had contracted typhus during the voyage.
1851. The
clearance of Barra by Colonel Gordon of Cluny. The Colonel called all
of his tenant farmers to a meeting to 'discuss rents' and threatened them with
a fine if they did not attend. In the meeting hall' over 1500 tenants were
overpowered, bound, and immediately loaded onto ships for America. An
eyewitness reported: "...people were seized and dragged on board. Men who
resisted were felled with truncheons and handcuffed; those who escaped,
including some who swam ashore from the ship, were chased by the
police..."
1853. Knoydart is cleared under the
direction of the widow of the 16th Chief of Glengarry. More than 400
people are suddenly and forcibly evicted from their homes, including women in
labour and the elderly. After the houses were torched, some tenants returned
to the ruins and tried to rebuild their villages. These ramshackle structures
were then also destroyed. Father Coll MacDonald, the local priest,
erected tents and shelters in his garden at Sandaig on Loch Nevis, and offered
succour to as many of the homeless as he could.
1854. The
clearing of Strathcarron in Ross-shire. Some Clan Ross women tried to prevent
the landlord's police force by blocking the road to the village. The
constables charged the unarmed women, and, in the words of journalist Donald
Ross: ". . . struck with all their force. . . . not only when knocking
down, but after the females were on the ground. They beat and kicked them
while lying weltering in their blood . . . . (and) more than twenty females
were carried off the field in blankets and litters, and the appearance they
presented, with their heads cut and bruised, their limbs mangled and their
clothes clotted with blood, was such as would horrify any
savage."
The arguments between both sides show no sign of abating but
perhaps the last word can be left to the Highlander in the following report of
1854 which tells of landowners seeking to gather troops for the Crimean War from
amongst their remaining tenants:
'should the Czar of Russia take possession of (these
lands) next term, we couldn't expect worse treatment at his hands than we have
experienced in the hands of your family for the last fifty
years.'
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